龙栖山自然保护区园林植物资源

本文对龙栖山自然保护区园林植物资源进行了调查,首次确定该区园林植物资源状况,并对其今后的合理开发利用提出看法。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Solanum gilo Raddi as influenced by explant type

An efficient system for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Solanum gilo was established. The marker genes for kanamycin resistance and ß-glucuronidase expression were introduced. A comparison between cotyledon and hypocotyl explants showed that while regeneration was better from hypocotyl explants, cotyledon explants gave better transformation efficiency (46% vs. 32%). Four levels of kanamycin selection (100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/l) were tested for effect on transformation efficiency with each type of explant. Lower levels of kanamycin worked better using cotyledon explants, while higher levels of kanamycin worked better for hypocotyl explants. All nine t₀ plants tested for expression of the kan ^r gene were positive. The progeny of three of these plants showed a pattern of classical Mendelian inheritance (3 to 1) for both the kan ^r and the ß-glucuronidase genes.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase - GUS ß-glucuronidase     

Random root movements in weightlessness

The dynamics of root growth was studied in weightlessness. In the absence of the gravitropic reference direction during weightlessness, root movements could be controlled by spontaneous growth processes, without any corrective growth induced by the gravitropic system. If truly random of nature, the bending behavior should follow socalled 'random walk' mathematics during weightlessness. Predictions from this hypothesis were critically tested.
In a Spacelab ESA-experiment, denoted RANDOM and carried out during the IML-2 Shuttle flight in July 1994, the growth of garden cress ( Lepidium sativum ) roots was followed by time lapse photography at 1-h intervals.
The growth pattern was recorded for about 20 h. Root growth was significantly smaller in weightlessness as compared to gravity (control) conditions.
It was found that the roots performed spontaneous movements in weightlessness. The average direction of deviation of the plants consistently stayed equal to zero, despite these spontaneous movements. The average squared deviation increased linearly with time as predicted theoretically (but only for 8–10 h).
Autocorrelation calculations showed that bendings of the roots, as determined from the 1-h photographs, were uncorrelated after about a 2-h interval.
It is concluded that random processes play an important role in root growth. Predictions from a random walk hypothesis as to the growth dynamics could explain parts of the growth patterns recorded. This test of the hypothesis required microgravity conditions as provided for in a space experiment.     

清代畅春园复原及理法探析

《北京城市总体规划（2016—2035）》首次提出需加强三山五园地区整体保护,为推进研究和保护“五园”之中唯一园址不存的畅春园,通过综合研究多件清宫历史图档、近现代航拍测绘影像及考古报告等资料的空间关系,复原畅春园及附属的西花园在乾隆和道光2个时期的平面布局,并初步确定其在海淀区的具体区位,以及位于三山五园地区保护红线之内的事实。在此基础上对两园的功能和景观布局进行了初步探讨,表明畅春园是一座跨越明清两代、艺术水平较高的大型人工山水园,对清代皇家园林的营建产生了重要的影响,因此具有较高的研究价值。     

First Report of Northern Root-Knot Nematode,Meloidogyne hapla,Parasitic on Oaks,Quercus brantii and Q. infectoria in Iran

Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are the most serious plant parasitic nematodes having a broad host range exceeding 2,000 plant species. Quercus brantii Lindl. and Q. infectoria Oliv are the most important woody species of Zagros forests in west of Iran where favors sub-Mediterranean climate. National Botanical Garden of Iran (NBGI) is scheduled to be the basic center for research and education of botany in Iran. This garden, located in west of Tehran, was established in 1968 with an area of about 150 ha at altitude of 1,320 m. The Zagros collection has about 3-ha area and it has been designed for showing a small pattern of natural Zagros forests in west of Iran. Brant’s oak (Q. brantii) and oak manna tree (Q. infectoria) are the main woody species in Zagros collection, which have been planted in 1989. A nematological survey on Zagros forest collection in NBGI revealed heavily infection of 24-yr-old Q. brantii and Q. infectoria to RKN, Meloidogyne hapla. The roots contained prominent galls along with egg sac on the surface of each gall. The galls were relatively small and in some parts of root several galls were conjugated, and all galls contained large transparent egg masses. The identification of M. hapla was confirmed by morphological and morphometric characters and amplification of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene. The obtained sequences of large-subunit rRNA gene from M. hapla was submitted to the GenBank database under the accession number {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KP319025","term_id":"852381377","term_text":"KP319025"}}KP319025. The sequence was compared with those of M. hapla deposited in GenBank using the BLAST homology search program and showed 99% similarity with those {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ755183","term_id":"667714404","term_text":"KJ755183"}}KJ755183, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GQ130139","term_id":"239819330","term_text":"GQ130139"}}GQ130139, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"DQ328685","term_id":"84794916","term_text":"DQ328685"}}DQ328685, and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KJ645428","term_id":"657709843","term_text":"KJ645428"}}KJ645428. The second stage juveniles of M. hapla isolated from Brant’s oak (Q. Brantii) showed the following morphometric characters: (n = 12), L = 394 ± 39.3 (348 to 450) µm; a = 30.9 ± 4 (24.4 to 37.6); b = 4.6 ± 0.44 (4 to 5.1); b΄ = 3.3 ± 0.3 (2.7 to 3.7), c = 8.0 ± 1 (6.2 to 10.3), ć = 5.3 ± 0.8 (3.5 to 6.3); Stylet = 12.1 ± 0.8 (11 to 13) µm; Tail = 50 ± 5.6 (42 to 57) µm; Hyaline 15 ± 1.8 (12 to 18) µm. Oak manna, Q. infectoria population of second stage juveniles clearly possessed short body length and consequently other morphometric features were less than those determined for Q. brantii population, and these features were: (n = 12), L = 359.0 ± 17.3 (319 to 372) µm; a = 28.6 ± 3 (22.8 to 31); b = 5.0 ± 0.3 (4.8 to 5.2); b΄ = 3.3 ± 0.2 (3 to 3.6), c = 8.1 ± 0.5 (7.4 to 8.8), ć = 4.7 ± 0.5 (3.9 to 5.2); Stylet = 11.4 ± 0.7 (10 to 12) µm; Tail = 44 ± 1.8 (42 to 47) µm; Hyaline 12 ± 1.7 (10 to 15) µm. To date two species of Meloidogyne, M. querciana Golden, 1979 and M. christiei Golden and Kaplan, 1986 have been reported to parasitize oaks (Quercus spp.) from the United States of America. M. querciana was found on pin oak Quercus palustris in Virginia. The oak RKN infected pine oak, red oak, and American chestnut heavily in greenhouse tests (Golden, 1979). The other species M. christiei was described from turkey oak and Q. laevis in Florida, which has monospecific host range (Golden and Kaplan, 1986). Both of these RKN species seem to be restricted to the United States of America and have not been reported from other place. According to our knowledge this is the first report of occurrence of M. hapla on Q. brantii and Q. infectoria in the world. This study includes these two oak species to the host range of RKN, M. hapla for the world and expands the information of RKN, M. hapla host ranges on oaks.     

引种保护植物对西双版纳极端冷年的春季物候响应

气温被普遍认为是春季物候期最主要的控制因子之一,然而低温对植物物候的影响效应一直都存在不同的观点。西双版纳由于地处热带地区的北缘,其气温相对于赤道附近的热带地区较低。自1959年以来,西双版纳热带植物园引入了来自世界各个热带地区的4万余种植物进行保护,之前的研究证明西双版纳的低温对这些引种植物的生长有很大影响。因此,1974年西双版纳出现的极端低温势必对引种植物造成极大威胁,同时也是对这些植物低温适应能力的一个考验。通过对比43种引种植物物候期（生长抽梢期与开花期）在1974年与常年的差异情况,分析不同来源（热带亚洲、热带美洲与热带非洲）引种植物对西双版纳低温的适应性。结果表明,经历西双版纳1974年初的极端低温之后,使81%的引种植物生长抽梢期提前,同时也造成35%的引种植物在该年没有开花;而植物生长抽梢提前的主要原因则是极端低温以及低温过后气温迅速回升。引种植物均能顺利度过1974年的最冷时期,并出现生长抽梢物候,这意味着引种植物在经历极端低温之后都能够进行正常的生长活动,但极端低温对引种植物繁殖活动的不利影响大于其对生长活动的影响;引种植物对西双版纳极端低温的适应能力由大到小顺序依次为：亚洲来源植物〉美洲来源植物〉非洲来源植物。因此在迁地保护植物的选择过程中,应多选择亚洲热带植物,其次为美洲热带植物,而对非洲热带植物的引入则需谨慎考察。     

Plant invasions in treeless vegetation of the Australian Alps

A total of 128 invasive plant species have been recorded in treeless vegetation in the Australian Alps. Most of these are forbs and most are uncommon. Cover of invasive species is generally minimal unless there has been gross disturbance to natural vegetation and soils. Although there is a significantly positive correlation between invasive and native species diversity, suggesting that conditions that allow numerous native species to co-exist also permit more plant invasions, altitude is the most important determinant of invasive species diversity. Only 22 of the 128 species have been recorded above 1800 m. Some plant communities (e.g. those with high pH or relatively nutrient-rich soils), however, seem to be vulnerable to invasions regardless of altitude. Most invasive species appear to have been introduced unintentionally (e.g. as seed attached to vehicles, animals and humans) but a few were introduced to assist with revegetation of disturbed soils and for amenity plantings in ski resorts, and have subsequently established in native vegetation. Treeless communities in the Australian Alps are likely to face increasing pressure from invasive species as a result of global warming and continued introduction of non-native plants to ski resort gardens. Whilst it may be difficult to prevent invasive species of low elevations migrating to higher elevations as temperatures rise, the risk of invasion from garden plants could be minimised through regulation. Non-native plants in ski resort gardens pose a far greater risk than most invasive species currently present in the Alps because they have been chosen for their capacity to survive at high altitudes.     

河南省木本植物的多样性及其在园林中应用的前景

本文对河南省所产的106科308属1 240种木本植物进行了系统的分析和研究,发现河南省木本植物的物种多样性和生活型多样性丰富,生态学特性多样性和园林用途多样性齐全.文中界定了各类园林树木的判定标准,并根据此标准初步筛选出适宜于在城市园林中栽植的各类观赏树木85科219属641种、2亚种、24变种和1变型,从而为河南省及其邻近地区城市园林及各类风景园林的绿化在树种选择上提供了科学依据.文章最后对河南省野生园林树木资源的开发利用前景进行了展望,对其开发利用途径提出了建议.     

Production of C3 as a marker of lymphokine-mediated macrophage activation

C3 production was assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in cell-free supernatants harvested from thioglycollate-elicited macrophages exposed to a variety of macrophage stimulating and activating agents. Macrophage monolayers treated with the stimulating agents starch, glycogen, and zymosan secreted three- to four-fold less C3 (mean 12 ng/10(5) cells/12 hr) than macrophages exposed to lymphokines containing macrophage-activating factor (MAF) (mean C3 production 44 ng/10(5) cells/12 hr). The increased production of C3 in macrophages exposed to MAF parallels the ability of these macrophages to acquire tumoricidal capacity as monitored in an in vitro 72 hr tumor cell cytotoxicity assay using B16 melanoma cells. Macrophages previously rendered tumoricidal by exposure to MAF and which are refractory to further challenge by MAF following decay of their tumoricidal properties, do not produce C3 on rechallenge with MAF. Exposure of refractory macrophages to liposome-encapsulated MAF overcomes the refractory state and induces re-expression of the tumoricidal phenotype and C3 production. We conclude that quantitative detection of macrophage-generated C3 antigen provides a useful biochemical marker for monitoring the acquisition of tumoricidal properties in macrophages exposed to MAF and offers a sensitive assay for screening novel agents that activate macrophages via mechanisms similar to MAF.     

寄畅园的造园环境与借景探原

以寄畅园的借景为研究对象,在分析寄畅园外部山林地造园环境的基础上,剖析寄畅园借景的景观与空间特征,以及这一借景景观与地形环境的关联性,揭示水系山势纵横之间的正面全景与侧面景深的组合关系,并在对拙政园、赖久寺庭园等中日园林布局的例证分析中,展现所隐含的山水因借的布局模式。同时梳理历史文献中关于寄畅园借景的变迁过程,指明园林布局对借景变迁的影响。